COHERENCE vs COMPLEXITY: AN APPLICATION TO WATER

It is revisited the modern physics of condensed matter, mainly based upon coherence dominion concept, upon dynamic generation (self organization) of order and upon merging of structure and function, for the purpose of proposing a vision of the Nature extremely simple and elementary fully opposite to the complexity approach that appear so enthusiastically accepted and celebrated by the systemic community. Actually at molecular biologic level, it seems that coherence (order and merging of system and function) is becoming one of the most important physic and biologic law that operates the strong effect of ordering molecules by means of electromagnetic field, creating the so called “Coherence Dominions”. This appears peculiarly true for water molecules that speech and self organize each other by means of electromagnetic fields giving more support to field theory than classic particles biology approach. So, the kind of bridge between physics and biology proposed by this model appears to be a very simple and elementary body of knowledge that, according to Preparata, creates a vision of the Architecture of the Nature extremely “coherent and ordered”. So Coherence Equations – that are a generalization of Schrödinger equations – deduced by applying QED (Quantum Electro Dynamic) seem to be in contrast with complexity equations due to their inherent simplicity. Really, the Preparata Architecture approach to the Universe, based upon the “Coherence Equations”, appear to assert and propose a quite different vision of the Nature in which the complexity factor, mainly based upon random approach is completely outside. Water behaviour is taken into account as the major example of this kind of organization giving the opportunity to mention the Ruggero M. Santilli model that, being compatible with the Preparata one, is able to explain all inherent and external water properties, peculiarly the long range ones. According to the coherence vision, Nature appears to be simpler than the random based complexity approach tries to show. Clearly it appears spontaneous the necessity to harmonize the two approach: the complexity against the coherence approach. The problem is still open. INTRODUCTION TO COHERENCE IN MATTER In order to compare the order or coherence approach to Nature vs the random complexity one, it is selected only one field for the comparison: living and condensed matter, peculiarly through biology. The complexity is referred to the main known authors approaches (BBS: Ref. N° 1, 2, 8-20 and Appendix). The “order approach to Nature”, i.e. the invariant coherence one, used for the comparison is the one postulated by thick known theoretical physicists such as Giuliano Preparata and Ruggero M. Santilli (BBS: Ref. N° 3). Both their models could be used for the purpose but Preparata model of coherence in matter is easier and more intuitive to introduce in terms of physics (BBS: Ref. N° 4, 5, 6, 7) so, in this context, it is presented his model in first instance with some references to the Santilli model too (a sort of mathematical order of the Nature). Considering the modern physics approach to complex systems, basically governed by random and/or chaos, Giuliano Preparata, a big Italian theoretical physicist dead few years ago, used to say: “As a matter of facts, it could appear really paradoxical (but not in the philosophical sense where it is not at all) that the inderteministic physics born from the quantum revolution at the very beginning of the Nineteen Century reveals itself to be much more “deterministic” then the classic physics that recent developments shows dominated by “chaos” and/or random. In this frame, the Preparata model of living matter is based upon the following classic molecular biology principles (SA: Ref. N° 1, 2, 3, 4, 5): 1. The biologic dynamics is defined inside the atomistic conception i.e. the dominant science paradigm of the 20 century. 2. The matter, peculiarly the biologic one, is made up of molecules built up with atoms. 3. The principle of asymptotic freedom, i.e. any molecule (i.e. of water) is always similar to itself (it is always the same) a part from the physical state in which it is found: gaseous, liquid or solid. Equally in biology a cell is always similar to itself. 4. The locality postulate, i.e. local effect depends only upon local causes since distance actions of every kind are excluded. Modern but classic biology is based upon molecular biology according to which living matter is basically conceived by a set of molecules that interact each other thorough standard chemical forces having short field of action no more than a couple of molecular radius. Any biologic event is characterized by an ordered sequence of molecular collisions, ruled by biologic catalysers (enzymes and coenzymes) to guarantee the specificity of the chemical reaction. According to the classical chemistry vision, chemical reactions usually happen due to some kind of code link among molecules (and atoms) that complementarily recognize each other. This kind of programmed property of chemical molecules together with the variety, the evolution, self assembling, self organization, self replication, mutation, hybridization and so on make molecules example of complexity. However, sequence of molecular collisions would happen only inside limited ranges of the external environmental physical parameters (temperature, pressure, pH, dielectric constant, magnetic permittivity and so on). Outside those environmental limits the biologic dynamic degrades its performances till its complete failure. This classic random molecular collisions model producing a biologic events is a little bit rough, off the shelf and obsolete. It seems that exists some sort of collision codes (BBS: Ref. N° 2/Balzani e Venturi) among molecules such that each molecule meets its peculiar correspondent molecule by means of an appropriate mutual information reconnaissance (Fig. N° 1,2, 3, 4). Fig. N° 1 Classic Hydrogen Link, Fig. N° 1a Classic examples of linking codes between molecules (BBS: Ref. N° 2/Balzani, Venturi) Fig. N° 1b Molecular replication process; Fig. N° 4 Molecular self replication process (BBS: Ref. N° 2/balzani, Venturi) Classically, this chemical approach explains the linking with topological codes and mechanical codes. However, this explanation seems unsatisfactory. Paradoxically, the long range interactions appear to be characterized by a much sophisticated molecular hidden dynamics able to change an independent molecule set (e.g. of water) in a kind of only one holistic ordered organism tidy endowed of homeostasis. In the meantime, it was observed that each molecule radiates classic and/or quantistic electromagnetic fields able of interacting each other by linking together electric charges and current along distance hundred times superior to the distance to which normally act the chemical actions. According to this observation, Preparata and Del Giudice (SA: Ref. N° 1) created their model making the hypothesis that the above described molecular behaviour is defined by the quantum electromagnetic field radiated by each molecule interfering each other with long range (hundred times chemical ranges) interactions. Many other hypothesis and theories have been created to explain the long range order such as that of R. M. Santilli based upon the Hadronic Mechanics (BBS: Ref. N° 3) and his Hadronic Chemistry. In this analysis, the above mentioned Preparata and Del Giudice model is followed. According to this model, it is the electromagnetic field that operates the management action of putting together a set of molecules letting them to have closed chemical meetings according to the classic known biochemistry. In other words, according to the new condensed matter physics, electromagnetic field occupies a very special position having a peculiar role in the behaviour of molecular sets. Already during the first half of the 20th-century, Tesla, Marconi and Lakhovski proposed a "electromagnetic biology". In this kind of biology, the molecule has to be considered just as "electric harmonic oscillator" that, in homeostatic conditions, resonate in phase. From this point of view, the therapy consisted in granting and harmonically according the system of oscillators in such a way to bring all together in phase resonance increasing the internal coherence of the entire system. Unfortunately, this approach failed due to the well known and famous energetic inconsistency. Actually, at that time, there was unknown or it was not understandable what was the energetic source that created the electromagnetic field. As a matter of fact, the calculus showed that the human organism would be only able to produce sufficient energy to make an oscillation of the human body molecule just once a day. Nowadays, according to the above mentioned basic four hypothesis, big limits are placed to the analysis of the biological dynamics that seem to be steered by the peculiar electromagnetic fields radiated, peculiarly, by water molecules internal to the human body and peculiarly to biologic skin. In other words, water assumes in biological systems a primary role. The molecular radiations would produce the so called “Coherence Dominium” (CD) of water molecules in biological systems, in which the intermolecular interactions appear to be fully different from that of short range chemical type but mainly due to long range electromagneticquantistic nature. During almost the past three decades, it has been developed the extension of the quantistic electrodynamics, mainly the all merit is due to Giuliano Preparata for his explanation of the formation of the condensed matter from the “gas” matter and the brand new Hadronic Mechanics and the fundamental Hadronic Chemistry mainly due to Ruggero M. Santilli [BBS: N° 3]. Many parts of Preparata theory are outside of the Standard Model in the same way as Ruggero M. Santilli Hadronic Mechanics and his fundamental approach to Hadronic Chemistry are fully outside of the Standard Models. Both the theories are generalisation of the Standard Model of the knowledge of the Universe. Actually, according to Preparata theory it becomes feasible what the classic electrodynamics doesn't foresee: the formation of “Coherence Dominium” that explains the existence of a certain quantistic biological dynamics and of the ions circulation in the alive organism. In other words, in the quantistic physics it happens that the parameters changes that determines the object can really happen not only due to applied external force (such as an applied electric field) but also due to spontaneous enliven action from the inside, such as internal fluctuations. In fact, the fluctuation is the most important performance thing of the quantum object just beginning with “void” space (vacuum). In classic physics, the void is the nothing, so it implies the total darkness. In quantum physics, the void is all the fluctuations of all the conceivable fields by starting with the electromagnetic fields. So quantum darkness implies some random on-off lights having very short life. During these fluctuations, the electromagnetic field interacts with electric currents produced by nucleus and electrons rotating around atoms and molecules and produces an attractive energy that modifies slightly the total energy of each single molecule or atom. This phenomenon, known as Lamb shift, constitutes the test of the reality of the void electromagnetic fluctuations. It is also very well known that molecules and atoms can take many configurations each one having different energy. To pass from a configuration to another, it is necessary that the molecule (or atoms) modifies its energy. This transition could be properly implemented by applying an external electromagnetic field of appropriate frequency corresponding to the relative desired energy gap. This transition is really a resonance of the molecules (at relative wave length) of a specified kind with the applied electromagnetic field. So when, in the void, the number of resonating molecules subjected to electromagnetic fluctuations is properly increasing to such a number to reach a critical value of density, then the attractive energy produced by the interaction fields fluctuating with the intra-molecular currents become sufficiently great to impose to the molecular set to prefer a different regime corresponding to energy saving. So the molecules change their status from gaseous to liquid, where each molecule oscillates between two configurations at the same frequency of the applied electromagnetic field. In physics this property is known as “coherence”. The region of the space having the dimension of the wavelength of the electromagnetic field is named “Coherence Dominion”. At the inner part of the Coherence Dominion the molecules tend to assume maximum density due to the tendency to the minimum energy. So at liquid level, the coherence corresponds to that of electrons regime, whist at solid level the coherence imply electrons and nucleus regimes. All the molecules belonging to the Coherence Dominium resound together to the unison when they are invested by an electromagnetic field of appropriate wavelength. In terms of Haken synergetics (BBS: Ref. N° 8-11), there is the emergence on a self organisation of molecules electrons dominated by the same phase: the resonate in phase, that appears a sort of order parameter, that submit all the molecule electrons in the CD to the same resonant regime. According to synergetic theory, the overall number of degree of freedom is completely reduced to basically only one: the order parameter. However, the coherent set of molecules are subjected to external random collision of other molecules whose intensity increases with the temperature. If the external applied collisions energy becomes equal to the energy gap gained by ordering the coherent dominion, then a fraction of coherent set of molecules lose its coherence, i.e. the phase accord with and within the collective mode. So, for a given temperature, the condensed matter is made up of a mixture of two homogenous systems: a coherent fraction grouped in coherent dominions oscillating at the same frequency with a minimum energy and a non coherent set of (out of phase) molecules forming a dense gas filling the interstices among the coherence dominions. Form the theoretical analysis, it is deduced that the electromagnetic field inside the coherent dominion cannot radiate outside the coherent dominion itself. The electromagnetic filed remains trapped inside the coherent dominion presenting at the frontier av evanescent cue, that quickly decreases outside the coherent dominion surface. It is just this filed cue that arrest the external molecules from entering the coherent dominion where the phase resonant molecules are filled at minimum distance each other. The relative coherent and not coherent fractions of molecules are quite different each other. Every molecule fluctuates between two configurations of different magnitude at a frequency (rhythm) of the electromagnetic field, changing its dimensions in time and negating the principle of asymptotic freedom. Summarizing, in the model, it is assumed that each molecule present in the matter (i.e. water of each skin layer) behaves as a standard liquid, then it is also assumed that each molecule oscillates consistently in a Coherence Domain of the diameter of 100 Angstrom with the peculiarity of having the higher energy configuration less then the so called "ionization threshold". This particular value of energy is the energy gap to which a molecular electron starts to be free out of the same molecule of liquid (water). In other words at every instant, in a (really a free one) Coherence Dominium of condensed matter there is an portion of electrons nearly free that are then available to implement the following two phenomena: 1. The electron transfer, i.e. a molecule outside the Coherent Dominium moving along the CD surface captures a nearly free electron without spending appreciable energy. 2. The magnetization of the water: this long time very well-known phenomenon usually considered inexplicable according to the conventional classic physics, otherwise finds a simple explanation with the quantum electrodynamics of the condensed matter (water). Little energetic stress, such as the mechanics agitation, or an electromagnetic wave or a chemical reaction, can induce a coherent collective motion of nearly free electrons; every electron can really leave the original molecule and jump on of another contiguous molecule (generating the so called “hopping conduction”). The acquired energy by these nearly free electrons is always lesser than the "energy gap" of the coherent set of molecules but sufficient to let rise a coherent excitation of the set of nearly free electrons, that, consequently, start rotating inside the Coherence Dominium, producing a circular electric current that, in turn, produces a static orthogonal magnetic field proportional to the rotation speed of the nearly free electron cloud. In other words, every energetic excitation in free or under skin water produced by a hydrodynamics, chemical or electromagnetic perturbation (of entity less than the "energy gap” that determines the Coherence Dominium) live trace in the network of the water Dominium of Coherence in the form of a permanent magnetization. Quantistic Electrodynamics Coherence and Chemical Dynamic According to the above explained theory, it is supposed possible to apply the properties of the free liquid (water) consonant matter Coherence Dominium to biologic matter such as “water in the human skin”. Actually, at room temperature, liquid water is formed of a coherent fraction of the order of the 40% and a not coherent of the order of the 60%. Due to the erosion produced by thermal collisions, it is possible to reduce the dimensions of the dominions of coherence of the water internal to the skin to an order of 700 Angstrom. Each Coherence Dominion is spherical and its surface is a well-curb and really frontier where coexist coherent and not coherent molecules of water and where the electromagnetic field suddenly decreases. This frontier region is thick 30 Angstrom and its interstitial space between the coherence dominions of the water is filled of not coherent molecules and, in some cases, of solute molecules including ions. In this manner, it is created and maintained a coherence dominions network of skin water in the various layered of skin due to the effect of the overlapping of the evanescent tails of the electromagnetic fields outside to the same coherence dominions. That the way, the manner and the mode with which the dominions oscillate in phase coherence among themselves producing a network of dominions, i.e. a kind of cage that keeps in the interstices between a domain and the other, inside the network, the not coherent fraction of water molecules and of the relative solutes. In the case of water, the self oscillation created by the distribution of electromagnetic fields happens to a well determined frequency located in the infrared to an value equal to 62400 GHz, that corresponded to an energy of 0,26 eV. Due to the gradients present at the frontier of the of coherence dominions, forces are developed that act on locally present molecules and atoms. Two kinds of forces are really present: a. Massive forces: that are repulsive and tend to remove the particles from the dominion being inversely proportional to the mass. Since electron mass is time thousand less than that of the molecule, in the frontier region these forces tend to stretch and deform locally present molecules in such a way to drive the electrons out of the frontier while the nucleus remain within it. In this way, a series of electric dipoles are produced on the surface of the dominion that constitute a positive and negative charged double layer producing an voltage potential difference of the order of 100 mVolt. The figure are related to standard water at room temperature. If the coherent regime increases the frontier thickness is reduced and the voltage potential difference of the double layers decreases too. b. Dispersive force: suppose that, in a coherence domain, a molecule vibrates at frequency f, it will interfere with the electromagnetic field frequency having f0 and is subjected to a force: F = k/(f–f0) inversely proportional to the difference of the squared frequencies. If there are two molecules, one oscillating at f frequency and the other to g frequency, when they interfere with the above-mentioned electromagnetic field oscillating to f0 frequency then they are subjected to a force with an in inverse proportional to (f-f0) x (g-f0). This interaction is attractive or repulsive to downstream of the sign of the difference and it assumes very large values when the frequencies are quite close each other. The spatial distribution of electromagnetic fields in water oscillating at the above mentioned frequency (E =0,26 eV) generate at the water coherence dominions surface a set of forces depending upon the frequencies distributed in along all the network of the coherence dominions frontier regions covering all the volume of the liquid. This also explains how bio-molecules assembling each other along their appropriate coherence dominions frontier regions produce, universally, cellular membranes. At this point, it is possible to repeal the explanation of the specificity of the molecular collisions based upon their mutual reconnaissance but not due to some kind of random meetings. This is a main point of difference of the Preparata approach to the knowledge of Nature and its Architecture vs the random complexity one. Actually, based upon the behaviour of these dispersive forces, only molecules oscillating on the same frequency are able to mutually recognize and attract each other at long distance, even in the middle of numerous other molecular species that however oscillate to different frequencies. So it is generate a sort of "intelligent behaviour" of the molecular biology, in which, somehow, some molecules chase each other and do not collide by chance each other as used to happen in the classic and conventional molecular biology. Obviously, water cannot be the lonely means of the living matter to follow this coherent behaviour, otherwise it would exist only one frequency solution: 0,26 eV. Actually, water is one of the simplest means, other molecules usually with the mediation of water, are able to aggregate other molecule sets by oscillating at different specific frequencies, however producing other set of molecules, in other words, other coherence dominions. Normally from the conventional biochemical point of view, these coherence dominions are interpreted as “polymers" whist from the present point of view they have to be considered being “monomers”. In this frame, an advanced hypothesis is that those “monomers coherence dominions” are really enzymes that usually have dimensions of hundred of Angstroms. There are similarities among water coherence dominions and enzymes coherence dominions. So, due to specific oscillation enzymes could present energy configuration closer to the ionizing threshold much more than the water configuration itself. The present approach on enzymes is able to explain also the possible energy creation due to electron transfer for many biochemical cycles, such as the (9 stages) Krebs one, that the classic theory is unable to explain. According to the coherence theory, the electromagnetic field, that originates the coherent oscillation of electrons, solves the task of extract the electrons from the double layer substrate breaking the relative links. Since enzyme electrons are extremely close to the freedom, a huge amount of electron transfer take place depriving the enzyme itself of the necessary electrons to maintain the coherent oscillation with consequent loss of coherence. To rebuilt coherence enzyme has to recover its electrons. To this purpose, it becomes spontaneous to think that the electrons are provided by the metal molecules that often are linked to the coenzymes. Thus, the union of enzyme and coenzyme is essential for maintaining the coherence, and then the catalytic action in the chemical reaction. In this frame, chemical reactions get a energy regime fully different from that of the classic biochemical models. As a matter of fact, exothermic chemical reaction free energy released in a non coherent environment becomes heat and produce an increase of temperature. On the contrary in a coherent environment, the same reaction releases its energy content to a coherent réseau as an electric polarization wave that produces, in turn, a coherent excitation of the entire coherent dominion able of attracting other molecular species. Summarizing, the interaction cycle is reported in the Fig. n° 2 This cycle set forth that the chemical level and the electromagnetic level of the living matter in Nature appear to be interlinked, entangled and mutually sustainable each other. This entanglement guarantees the homeostasis and the observed temperature stability in the living matter since produced energy is given away in the form of coherent excitations of coherent structure and not totally dispersed in the form of heat and heat energy that would produce temperature variations. To be sustainable the chemical and electromagnetic entanglement, it must be verified the fundamental condition that the frontier regions of the coherent dominions must have a thickness sufficient to guarantee the enough development of the dispersive forces. If the electromagnetic coherence of the dominions of the media (water and enzymes) would increase to an extent to reduce or, at the limit, nullify the thickness of the coherence dominions, then the attractive selection regime of forces would diminish whilst the random collision regime would increase with consequence that the biologic system would lose its chemical coherence due to excess of electromagnetic coherence. Electrodynamics cell model The above explained coherent electrodynamic mode is really valid for human body cells and consequently for the human tissue, that is really a homogenous set of identical cells. Shortly, every single cell has a set of oscillating electrons on their surface. As demonstrated by an experiment published on “Nature” in 1997, the set of oscillating electrons on the surface of the cells should repulse each other because of the negativity of their charges, on the contrary they attract each other. Actually the attraction depend upon the density of the negative charges located on the surface of the cells. According to the quantistic electrodynamic this phenomenon is interpreted as due to the event that the cell surface electrons set oscillate coherently together in phase. This ensemble oscillation known in physics as electron plasma is coherent but, under a threshold value of the electron density, shows a weak coherence. This means that electromagnetic field of electrons coherence dominion can still maintain its resonance with external fields. However, the intensity of this coherent electromagnetic field is very small and is not able to shield the other external coherent fields. The extent of deepness or penetrability of this coherence dominion electromagnetic field depends upon the surface electron density. If the electron density is under a critical threshold, the set of all cells (i.e. of any one of the layer of the skin) form a tidy, ordered and correlated system, the human tissue, whose density is maintained constant by the coherent regime. In this frame, inner tissue cells cannot produce filiations and, duplication because new born cells would modify the average distance among cells braking the coherence regime, implying, among the others, an relevant energetic price. Constant average distance among cells due to coherence necessity inhibits the cell filiations and/or duplication. Peculiarly, the uncontrolled filiations and/or duplication would place the tissue in a cancer situation. External assault agents, in other words the most important factors of degeneration condition of the human tissue, would produce damage effects. However those aspects are outside the scope of this research. Box: N° 1 molecular species, in resonance with the electromagnetic fields of the Coherence Dominium are subjected → Box: N° 2 to hard selective attraction of these molecular species on the surface of the Coherence Dominium with ┐